Racial Discrimination And Ethnic Minorities - 812 Words

Problem Statement Discrimination of Racial/Ethnic Minorities Racial discrimination is rooted in U.S. history. The enslavement of Blacks and murders of Native Americans, by the early Europeans, are representative of this. The context of America’s history with race shapes the minds of physicians both implicitly and overtly (Feagin Bennefield, 2014). Studies have shown that physicians believe White patients are â€Å"more intelligent†, Black patients â€Å"lack the drive† to adhere to instructions, and non-White patients cannot be trusted (Feagin Bennefield, 2014). The perpetuation of discrimination is felt by minorities nationwide. Compared to Whites, racial/ethnic minorities report higher rates of perceived discrimination in their†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, the lack of health insurance coverage in these populations exacerbates the issue. As of 2013, uninsurance rates by race/ethnicity were as follows: 9.8% of non-Hispanic Whites; 15.9% of Blacks, 24.3% of Hispanic s, and 14.5% of Asians (Smith Medalia, 2014). Considering that non-Hispanic whites made up 62.4% of the population in 2013, the disparity is immense (Pew Research Center, 2015). Without insurance coverage, Americans encounter excessive medical bills. Based on a survey conducted from 2012-2013, new uninsured patients were charged $160 on average for a primary care visit (Saloner, Polsky, Kenney, Hempstead, Rhodes, 2015). According to Saloner et al. (2015), â€Å"A medical bill of $100 would represent about one-tenth of the monthly income of a single adult living at the poverty level.† Notably, as of 2014, 26.2% of Blacks and 23.6% of Hispanics lived below the poverty level (DeNavas-Walt Proctor, 2015). Thus, these patients often accumulate exorbitant amounts of medical debt. Correspondingly, Himmelstein, Thorne, Warren, Woolhander (2009) determined, of all the cases of filed bankruptcy in 2007, 62.1% were due to medical debt; 92% of these Americans owed over $5000 in medica l bills. Quality When racial/ethnic minorities are able to access care, they receive lower quality of services than their White counterparts. Trivedi, Grebla, Wright, Washington (2011), analyzed the Veterans Affairs performance on processes of care and clinical outcomesShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Racial And Ethnic Inequality1656 Words   |  7 PagesElizabeth Rubio Professor Alvarez Sociology 180 March 16, 2016 Racial and Ethnic Inequality What is racial and ethnic inequality? To understand racial and ethnic inequality you must understand what is considered race and what is considered ethnicity. According to our textbook, â€Å"Race can be defined as a group or population that shares a set of genetic characteristics and physical features† meanwhile ethnic groups â€Å"are set off to some degree from other groups by displaying a unique set of culturalRead MoreDiscrimination : Discrimination And Discrimination947 Words   |  4 Pages Discrimination is an action or practice that excludes disadvantages or merely differentiates between individuals on the basis of some ascribed or perceived trait. Discrimination can be caused by stereotyping and prejudice. Stereotyping is a widely fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person. Prejudice is a preconceived opinion that is not based on a reason or an actual experience. Some groups that are more likely to be discriminated against are; women, ethnic minoritiesRead MoreLiving in a multicultural society takes time1547 Words   |  7 Pages‘Living in a multicultural society takes time.’ To what extend is this illustrated by the challenge of multicultural societies in the UK? (40) A multicultural society is the status of several different ethnic, racial, religious or cultural groups coexisting in harmony in the same society. From the early 19th century people have immigrated to England, developing its diversity. During World War 2 polish and Jewish people immigrated to the UK to escape fascism. Also as the UK is part of the EuropeanRead MoreHealth Disparities And Health Care For Minorities917 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Racial bias in medicine leads to worse care for minorities is an article from U.S News world report on the website http://health.usnews.com/health-news/patient-advice/articles/2016-02-11/racial-bias-in-medicine-leads-to-worse-care-for-minorities. In this article, the experience of a medical doctor is used to shed light on the subject of racial bias/ discrimination in health care and how it is affecting health outcome of racial and ethnic minority. â€Å"Race or ethnic group is a major socialRead MoreIs The Judicial System Broken?1062 Words   |  5 Pagesjudicial system is male, poor ,minority, uneducated, unemployed and unmarried. High crime rates, racial discrimination, bias makes the the judicial system broken. Racial discrimination has been part of the American judicial system. It Defendants are not treated fairly based on racial discrimination is an example that the judicial system is broken. It is stated that in America one third of Americans are born of ethnic minorities. Defendants of ethnic minorities are usually advise to take bailRead MoreDiscrimination : Social And Economic Consequences On Ethnic Minorities1065 Words   |  5 PagesDiscrimination has undeniable social and economic consequences on ethnic mi norities. Not only does discrimination have economic consequences but they have health consequences. Minorities face health disparities, in that their health overall is worse than the health of a white American. Racial minorities have a higher prevalence of diabetes, stroke, and other largely preventable disease. While many factors are involved in these health disparities, such as income and health care access, they are notRead MoreRacial Diversity705 Words   |  3 PagesRacial Diversity: Historical Worksheet Donald K. Morgan Building Organizational Capacity Juancho A. Lim June 5, 2013 Throughout most of U.S. history, in most locations, what race has been in the majority? What is the common ancestral background of most members of this group? According to The Changing Racial And Ethnic Composition Of The Us Population In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the classification by race expandedRead MoreEssay Ethnic Inequality in Health Care1723 Words   |  7 Pagespurpose of this essay is to firstly give an overview of the existence of inequalities of health related to ethnicity, by providing some evidence that ethnic inequality in health is a reality in the society and include definitions of keywords. Secondly, I will bring forward arguments for and against on the major sociological explanations (racial discrimination, arefact, access to and quality of care) for the existence of health inequalities related to ethnicity. Thirdly, I would also like to take the knowledgeRead MoreRacism : Racism And Community Competence1436 Words   |  6 Pagesthe topic of racial and ethnic issues. He also studies child development in South Africa. He is a renowned author of several books. In the early section of his book, Barbarin discusses the difference between prejudice and discrimination. Many people are confused on the terms and what they mean. He describes racial discrimination as a â€Å"behavioral† outcome. He states that prejudice is the belief one holds against another group; whether it be an ethnic or religious group. And discrimination is the actualRead MoreRace Relations : A Resolved Issue?1644 Words   |  7 PagesResolved Issue? ENGL 1021-64 Prof. Larry Sklaney 3 Dec. 2013 Although the issue of race relations has died down since the civil rights movement, it is still present in politics and the work place today. Race relations works to better the rights of minority citizens and to lessen the gap between the races. With the facts stated above, race relations are an important issue in the United States of America. Race is a much discussed social and political topic. Race, especially in the United States is everybody’s

The Meaning of the Second Amendment - The Right To Bear...

â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed†(understand) comes from the United States constitution. It has for the last decade or so been a topic of an ongoing debate between the people of this nation. It all depends on how you interpret the 27 words. Most people believe that it gives United States citizens the right to bear arms. The constitution is the supreme law of our land. It was made to be are foundation and source of legal authority. It was adopted in September 17, 1787 in the name of the people. It was created to replace The Articles of Confederation.The country wanted to be united and not so divided. The Constitution is a set†¦show more content†¦It happens that the militia part of amendment is a preamble and the amendment is giving the right to the people. (Beck) A militia then was a group of able men who could choose to fight. The right was given to the people and those people could join the militia if they wanted to. People also want guns controlled because of the violence they seem to have associated with them. They think that in the old days they did not have gun crimes, but its human nature to commit crimes. In 1775 North Carolina, it was reported that a man killed three people and was shot by pedestrians before he could do any more harm. (Beck) This just shows that having a gun can help diffuse bad situations. People with guns can protect themselves from criminals who want to cause them harm. Many people believe that if you take away guns away from honest people, and only criminals will have guns. (Gun control S) Yet some think that the second amendment is outdated because we have police. Well if you imply that to this amendment then why is it not implied to other amendments? Some hope to destroy are country’s foundation be attacking the written foundation. But you may think it’s outdated because guns have come a long way. Yes, guns have become very sophisticated with multiple shots ready to fire in a row. Yet the right of guns to be protected reaches out to the new guns too. Just like the way speech is protected with the first amendmentShow MoreRelatedSecond Amendment Essay837 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most highly debated amendments of the United States Constitution is the Second Amendment. The Second Amendment has been disputed for hundreds of years on exactly of its exact true meaning. The United States Constitution wrote the Second Amendment as â€Å"A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear ar ms, shall not be infringed. The argument that has lasted for centuries begins with the first part â€Å"A well regulated militia†Read MoreEssay about Americans Have the Right to Keep and Bear Arms1556 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans Have the Right to Keep and Bear Arms   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our rights as Americans started to take shape when the Constitution of the United States was drawn up by the delegates at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. Three years later, a very important part of American history called the Bill of Rights was added. The Bill of Rights is looked upon and interpreted every day. It gives the citizens of the United States many of the rights and freedoms that we value today, and some of those areRead MoreHow America Should Perceive The Second Amendment Essay1139 Words   |  5 Pagespeople debating how America should perceive the second amendment. Many view the second amendment as outdated, irrelevant, or possibly dangerous in today’s society. Others believe the founding fathers’ beliefs and reasons for including the right to bear arms are often misinterpreted resulting in a fight to protect its place in the Bill of Rights. The pushers for more gun laws and the NRA are in unending debate on whether or no t the second amendment continues to be relevant today. In order to understandRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Gun Control1397 Words   |  6 Pages The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to bear arms and was adopted on December 15, 1791, as part of the first ten amendments located in the Bill of Rights. Since then there have been many attempts to create stricter gun control legislation and this leads to the argument whether or not this is an attack on the 2nd  Amendment? The Bill of Rights amendments adds to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and  rights. The Second AmendmentRead MoreThe Issue Of The Second Amendment1704 Words   |  7 PagesThe Second Amendment is one of the most controversial amendments in today’s society. There are commonly two sides that fight with each other over the definition of this amendment. The pro-gun, or what is commonly referred to as â€Å"gun nuts†, have the firm belief that the American people have the right to not only carry a gun, but to carry any type of gun that they want, while anti-gun groups want to get rid of the right to carry a gun all together unless that person is a soldier or police officer.Read MoreThe Right to Bear Arms1866 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In this essay highlighting the second amendment, I will focus mostly on the right to bear arms. The Second Amendment states, â€Å" A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.† I think that the founders put this in the constitution to keep the sense of freedom they had in England concerning arms, and other than a small force of paid officers, the United States had no professional, trainedRead MoreEssay on Gun Ownership and the Second Amendment of the Constitution1624 Words   |  7 Pagesand the Second Amendment Over the centuries, the Supreme Court has always ruled that the 2nd Amendment protects the states militias rights to bear arms, and that this protection does not extend to individuals. In fact, legal scholars consider the issue settled law. For this reason, the gun lobby does not fight for its perceived constitutional right to keep and bear arms before the Supreme Court, but in Congress. Interestingly, even interpreting an individual right in the 2nd Amendment presentsRead MoreSecond Amendment On Bear Arms1522 Words   |  7 PagesSecond Amendment: Right to Bear Arms In the second amendment we are given the right to bear arms, but in the world we live in today people are starting to question this right. In my opinion I believe we should have the right to bear arms, but with more restrictions than we have today. We were first given this right when we were fighting for our independence from Great Britain. No one ever knew when the British were coming, except Paul Revere of course, so we were given the right to keep riflesRead MoreDistrict of Columbia v. Heller: The Use and Permit of Handguns1529 Words   |  7 Pagescannot obtain a gun. On the other hand, we have the people who believe that with such rigorous system in place is violated the individual rights that granted and protected by the United States Constitution. They believe that the rigorous system will prevent people from defending themselves and could be a violation of their privacy. Regardless of which side is right, if we want to understand more about our current conflict, we have to look back on how this hold debate started. The District of ColumbiaRead MoreThe Debate on Gun Control and the Second Amendment Essay1132 Words   |  5 PagesGuns have been around for a very long time. People love being able to have the freedom to do what they want, especially when they can possess something that make them feel superior. The introduction of the Second Amendment opens up the controversial, yet well anticipated opportunity for United State citizens to be able to own guns. Americans enjoy the benefit of being able to own guns for decades over people in other countries. People can buy guns and carry them around in public. They own guns for

Inside Al Qaed International Counter Terrorism Expert...

INSIDE AL QAEDA Rohan Gunaratna New York: Columbia University Press, 2002, 272 pp. International counter-terrorism expert Rohan Gunaratna’s book Inside Al Qaeda is an analysis of leadership, ideology, structure and strategies, of the ‘first multinational terrorist group’ [1] of the twenty-first century. Based on five years of research and extensive interviews with over 200 militants, the book traces the genesis of al-Qaeda and its rise to prominence leading up to the September 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center. Though Inside Al Qaeda has elicited effusive praise from the Western media, some of the claims made by the author in this book had been widely challenged by the Australian media, the Malaysian government and scholars. As for the ordinary reader, Inside Al Qaeda may come across as a ‘data dump’[2] than a comprehensive commentary on the subject. The biographical sketches of Osama bin Laden and Sheikh Khalid Muhammad, the key planner of the 9/11 attacks, is by far the strongest section of the book. A detailed description of al Qaeda s networks across the Middle East, Europe, South America and North America is another aspect that sets this book apart from other literature on the subject. The book throws up new data about al Qaeda’s global networks quoting first-hand interviews. For instance, Gunaratna gave a detailed account of how the arrest of the twentieth hijacker Zaccarias Moussaoui affected the 9/11 attacks [3] and how Hizballah operative Imad Mughniyeh

An 18

An 18-Year-Olds Right Essay Ever since the end of prohibition in 1933 the United States government has placed theissue of MLDA (minimum legal drinking age) sensitively in the hands of the states, letting eachdecide for itself what the minimum age should be. At that time all agreed that the minimumlegal drinking age should be 21, where it remained for all states until 1970. Between 1970, and1975 a number of states (29 to be exact) played around with the idea of lowering that age to 20,19, and even 18 for some states. At this time the minimum age for other activities, like the rightto vote were being lowered as well. The argument was that if a person is considered an adult at18, and can serve his or her country and vote in its elections, he or she ought to be able to have adrink.(Toomey 1) This is exactly the way I feel about it. The drinking age should be lowered to18. During the period in the 70s when many states were lowering their drinking agesscientists started doing studies to determine whether or not the younger drinking ages had anyeffect on automobile accidents. These studies generally concluded that traffic accidentssignificantly increased among teenagers after the MLDA was lowered.(Toomey 1)It can,however, easily be argued that since these studies came out right after the drinking ages had beenlowered, they would naturally show that there was an increase in death among teenagers. Anytime you change something dramatically it takes a while for things to settle into a routine. If all of a sudden, for instance, you allow 18-year-olds to drink alcohol when before they couldnt,its going to take a while before that becomes the norm, and therefore less exciting and alluring. These studies would have been far more accurate if they had been done after society had adaptedto the change. When the government found that many of the states were lowering the drinking age to 18and 19, it began to worry about the safety of teens in those and neighboring states. One of theways that the government tried to discourage this was by offering increased highway incentivesfor any states who maintained a minimum. The states were only to quick to volunteer to raisetheir minimums. The government also threatened to reduce the amount of federal money offeredto the states for improvement of the highways. Obviously the states didnt want to lose anymoney so they complied with the government. Many people believe that there are other ways to decrease the number of accidents andteenage deaths associated with teenage drinking. Many states have Zero Tolerance Lawswhich severely punish underage teens who are driving with any blood alcohol in their bodies atall. The punishment is usually the loss of the offending teens license, and those officials whostand on the side of lowering the drinking age feel that this would be enough of a deterrent tokeep underage teens from drinking and driving. The current standard MLDA is 21, many feelthis is unfair because it crosses to many age and social barriers. For instance, many collegejuniors and seniors can drink, but sophomores and freshman cannot. This automatically breedsunlawful activity, because college freshman and sophomores cant party with their friendsaccording to the law. By the time most high school seniors graduate they have already turned18, and those who havent soon will. If the minimum drinking age were lowered to 18 or 19 i twould dramatically cut down on the number of incidents of illegal drinking on collegecampuses. A minimum drinking age of ten obviously makes no sense because no one would expecta 10-year-old to be able to distinguish between an alcoholic beverage and a non-alcoholic one. However 19 as a minimum drinking age is a much more realistic goal. The theory is that by 19most people have completed or are at least out of high school and are out functioning in a worldmuch older than that of their days in school. They are expected to be more mature, and to act asadults in all other ways. They can smoke, marry, have sexual relationships, have children, buylottery tickets, make contracts, and die, but in most states are still not old enough to have a drink,and many people feel this is wrong.(Drinking 1)By making young adults wait until their 21st birthday only breeds disaster, and makesunderage drinking seem more mysterious and desirable. Prohibition didnt stop the Americanpeople from drinking, it just forced them to do it in secret, much the way in which states with anMLDA of 21 do today. P opular thought dictates that lowering the MLDA to 19 would not have aharmful result, but a positive one instead.(Drinking 1)Representative Scott Klug from Washington visits many University campuses, and isalways asked by students why the federal government sets the legal drinking age at 21. Klugwho agrees with young adults, and is in favor of lowering the drinking age to 18 has recentlyintroduced The States Rights Act of 1996 which would end Washingtons financial coercion toadopt a national standard. Although the states are actually individually responsible for settingtheir own standards the government, in an effort to reduce the number of teenage deathsassociated with drunk driving, have imposed restraints on states who dont have MLDA of 21 bytaking away part of their federal aid for highway projects. By 1989 all 50 states had agreed toraise their MLDA to 21. Aushwitz diary EssayThose policies in the second category that are designed to limit access to alcoholicbeverages include raising the minimum legal drinking age, restricting the number, location, andhours of sale of stores that sell alcohol, and prohibiting the promotion of alcoholic beverages oncollege campuses. Still other laws like Dram shop laws, hold drinking establishments and insome cases private individuals, responsible for consequences due to underage drinking.(Gordis208)Choosing, implementing, and administering alcohol related policy in the United States is complex, and agencies other than those run by the government seek to influence policy, whichcan make the job of the federal, state, and local governments less burdensome at times andaggravating at others.Regardless of what the nay sawyers think about it, the ultimate authorityin the debate over the legal drinking age should rest with the states. The government hadoriginally given the states the right to choose their Mi nimum Legal Drinking Age, and I thinkthat it should continue to be that way. However, its also unconstitutional, in a way, to deny18-year-old adults the right to drink when they are afforded all others. If the United Statesexpects 18-year-olds to act like adults, register for the draft, and be responsible for themselves inlegal matters they ought to be able to have a drink now and again. Works Cited:.Castaneda, Carol J. La. drinking-age ruling rekindles debate. USA TODAY 17 March 1996,natl. ed.: A3. Drinking age is too high. The Observer. http://www.cwru.edu/orgs/observer/083096/forum1.html (Febuary 18, 1998: visited site September 30, 1998). Gordis, Enoch. Alcohol research and social policy: an overview. Alcohol Health ; ResearchWorld September 1996: 208. Toomey, Traci L., Carolyn Rosenfeld, and Alexander Wagenaar. The minimum legal drinkingage: history, effectiveness, and ongoing debate. Alcohol Health Research WorldSeptember 1996: 213. Tumulty, Brian. Should the Drinking Age Be a Federal Issue?. Gannet News Service 24 June1996, eastern ed.: S11.

Challenges Managing Global Teams for Cultural - myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theChallenges Managing Global Teams for Cultural. Answer: Introduction Global team is widely used as a strategic Human Resource solution in a multinational organisation. It is important to note that a global team is formed across the temporal, cultural and geographical boundaries to hit into the available HR pools that are distributed around the world. The primary aim of using global team as a strategic HR solution is to increase the organisational performance and innovation by integrating diverse knowledge and targeting expertise regardless of the political boundaries (Magdaleno and Kleiner, 2016). The use of global team helps in achieving better efficiency by around-the-clock operations across various time zones. However, there are several challenges that are faced by the multinational organisations while managing global teams. The literature review has been developed in order to observe and critically evaluate challenges faced by the multinational organisations in managing global teams. Additionally, the study aims to present the impact of cultural d iversity and the implications of International HRM in the current business scenario. Defining Global Teams In order to define global teams, the previous literature reveals that most often the study of global teams overlapped with the research involving multinational teams, distributed teams, multicultural groups, and virtual teams (Dixon, 2008). Therefore to define the term global team, the topic must be distinguished from these areas of research. In recent years, globalisation has contributed towards the formation of a geographically dispersed workforce. Meanwhile, global teams are virtual teams that serve as the principal vehicle of business organisations utilised to achieve global efficiency. In order to offset management pressures come from the diversified target audience demand, converging markets, and resource allocation, organisation management has developed global teams. Modern business dynamics and internationalisation of businesses have emerged global teams to proliferate best operations and practices in the overseas markets. Evidently, in the twenty-first century, complex strategic business interventions have been managed and executed through global teams achieving sustainability and growth at the global stage (Araujo, 2009). Global teams are multinational working teams where team members are interconnected in a virtual note. Decisively, global teams have been geographically distributed and it requires significant knowledge and management skills to overcome the challenges of managing global teams operating at the different corners of the world. Managing virtuality and cultural diversity in global teams Managing global teams can be identified as one of the most difficult tasks in human resource management in compared to traditional teams (Hansen, Hope and Moehler, 2012). As global teams embed multiple geographical contexts, diversified cultural background, different time zones, and use of multiple communication technologies, the complexity of managing the teams is far trickier (Dixon and Panteli, 2010). Before reviewing the challenges of managing global teams, it is important to evaluate the methods of managing virtuality and diversity in global teams on the basis of previous literature. Scholars have evaluated a number of mechanisms that have been illustrated in the following section for managing virtuality and diversity in global teams. Mechanism for managing virtuality Managing virtuality within the international teams must be handled in an efficient order so that the virtuality of global team members cannot necessarily become berries in interactions. Most importantly, scholars have identified some of the tested mechanism to manage virtuality in global teams successfully. Traditionally, physical presence of team members has been vital in team management. Due to emerging communication technologies and presence of internet, managers now can efficiently control and monitor the performance of the global teams from any place (Gibson and Gibbs, 2006). Evidently, three mechanisms for managing virtuality in global teams have been reviewed in the study i.e. transactive memory systems (TMS), psychologically safe communication climate (PSCC), and developing trust. Transactive memory systems: Modern scholars have identified global teams as networked systems worked for a firm. In such networked system, transactive memory systems have been used as a primary mechanism to share knowledge within the global teams. As team members develop effective TMS, accurate set of knowledge and information can be transferred within the virtual teams influencing output (Hansen, Hope and Moehler, 2012). Psychologically safe communication climate: Gibson and Gibbs (2006) identified that PSCC, an interpersonal process can be effectively utilised by the managers to negate the adverse effect of virtuality of global teams. By developing such communication climate within the global teams, a bridge of unity can be structured among the team members. Developing Trust: In terms of managing the performance of global teams, building trust can be defined as one of the major functional mechanisms improving efficiency of workers. Through the development of trust among the virtual team members, the collaboration among the employees can be enhanced (Kelley, 2011). Thus, the productivity of virtual team projects will be increased. Mechanism for managing cultural diversity Managing cultural diversity must be prioritised in global team management to attain efficiency (Winkler and Bouncken, 2011). While some of the members of a team have efficiently collaborated with other teammates from diverse culture and background, most of them have failed to work together. Thus, the efficiency of managing cultural diversity may lead to expatriate failure (Orhan, 2014). Lack of training and collaboration has forced expatriates to seek a transfer from the host country leading towards operational failure (Wang, 2013). In order to solve the problem of managing cultural diversity in global teams, scholars and researchers have identified three mechanisms i.e. cultural intelligence, cultural agility, and global mindset. Cultural Intelligence: Evidently, Scholars and modern researchers have claimed that developing cultural intelligence can be imperative for contemporary management leaders to succeed in the cross-cultural group effort (Magdaleno and Kleiner, 2016). Understandably, cultural intelligence enhances interactions among the team members so that different cultural barriers can be broken during developing global teams. Thus, the output of the team will be increased. Cultural Agility: Caligiuri (2012) elaborates cultural agility as a meta-competency increases flexibility and performance of the professionals to work effectively in cross-cultural circumstances. Having cultural agility, global team members can influence their work efficiency in alien cultural norms (Caligiuri, 2012). Furthermore, cultural agility must be developed as a recommended skill for management personnel working with global teams. Global Mindset: Global mindset can be addressed as a mechanism that influences the sense of responsibility of the global team members avoiding diverse cultural barriers. A global mindset of international human resource managers can be utilised to adapt different cultural orientation to develop a positive frame of mind among the team members. Challenges in Managing Global Team According to Armstrong and Cole (2002), the multinational corporations face several communication challenges while managing global teams. The low level of nonverbal and physical cues available in technologically mediated and geographically distributed workforce have created different challenges such as difficulty of sharing knowledge and faulty attribution of others (Kelley, 2011). The distribution of workforce across space, time and multiple groups creates challenge in managing attention and time among the multiple commitments that further results in high level of stress among the executive members. Furthermore, the presence of multiple culture and differences in ethical practices results in conflict and faultiness among the team members belonging to different nations and cultures due to the variation in attitudes, behaviour, values and broader institutional environments. The primary challenges that are faced while managing global teams are discussed in details herein below: Geographical separation: The geographical separation may lead to lack of mutual knowledge among the team members about each others situations and way of working that further leads to faulty attribution about the other team members (Kelley, 2011). It has been found through research that distributed team members are likely to make negative acknowledgments about the colleagues from other zones due to lack of situational awareness and limited cues regarding their working environment (Orhan, 2014). Hence, a lack of trust and mutual understanding can be evident among the members of global team. Furthermore, the level of conflicts among the team members is relatively high in global teams. Sharing knowledge across the globe: Another problem that is faced by the global teams is the challenge of sharing knowledge across the political borders. Furthermore, working at distances may lead to fewer opportunities to share tacit knowledge among the workforce. Additionally, the team members work in multiple teams with unequal commitment to share and contribute expertise and knowledge. According to Lee and Qomariyah (2016), local knowledge such as knowledge of working conditions and local holidays are difficult to share among the distributed teams as it is mostly taken for granted. Managing time and attention: The third issue or challenge that is faced by global teams is the management of time and attention. With the development of technology and internet, better communication tools such as instant messaging, email, and social media can be used as communication channel for transmitting messages across the time zone (Kelley, 2011). However, the excessive use of collaborative technologies may lead to information overload that further results in massive stress among the workforce (Barley, Meyerson and Grodal, 2011). The interaction between different time zones also leads to distraction and interruption of primary tasks. For example, the decision makers of the global organisations need to be available across the clock in order to promptly respond to the queries of other team members working in different time zones. Cultural Differences: The last and the most important challenge faced by the members of global teams are the cultural differences among the employees. According to Hofstede (2005), the members of global team can be differentiated as individualist and collectivist, high context and low context, and feminine and masculine on the basis of their culture and ethical practices. Cultural conflicts can be seen in several cases across the globe, which has emerged to be a major challenge for international human resource management (Orhan, 2014). Hence, it is important for the manager of an international team to understand the cultural differences and give equal importance to individual cultural believes to maintain peace and harmony among the global teams. Implications for IHRM On the basis of the above analysis, the International Human Resource (IHR) managers needs to attend and overcome the challenges related to cultural differences of the global team members as well as challenges related to virtuality such as knowledge sharing across the political contexts, faulty attributions, and managing time and attention in order to improve the effectiveness of the global teams (Winkler and Bouncken, 2011). The IHR manager plays a key role in training the global team members and leaders by developing transactive memory systems (TMS), psychologically safe communication climate (PSCC), and trust. Such techniques will help the multinational organisations to overcome challenges of virtuality and enhance employee productivity and satisfaction (Palthe, 2014). IHRM helps in developing global skills among the leaders to manage global mindset, cultural diversity and cultural intelligence. Hence, the challenges of managing global teams can be overcome by implementing IHRM str ategies in the multinational organisations. Literature Gap In managing global teams, significant level of descriptive research has been conducted by the scholars and modern researchers. Precisely, most of the literature reviewed in the past failed to identify the financial and non-financial parameters that should be considered in determining talent management of the virtual global teams. Besides, previous literature has put substantial emphasis on top level managers and their strategic interventions in managing global teams (Wang, 2013). But, literature reviewed in the past has not put much importance on non-executive level staffs associated with the global team management. In terms of managing virtual global teams, sometimes corporate culture and work-life balance of the global team members have not been prioritised. Therefore, a thorough research must be conducted in the identified area. Preferably, the identified contexts can be defined as the major constituents of literature gaps that must be taken into account during the further researc h on the subject. Conclusion By considering the above analysis, multinational organisations face different challenges in terms of managing a culturally and geographically diversified workforce. The geographical separation, cultural differences, and time zone differences lead to conflicts among the global team members. Furthermore, the variances in attitude, believes and ethical practices of the workers make it difficult for the IHR managers to maintain peace and harmony at workplace. Hence, modern IHRM strategies must be applied in order to overcome the issues and seek sustainable growth of business. However, it can be seen that the literature on challenges in managing global teams have not put much effort on non-executive level staffs. 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